The representation of race in film

Discuss the representation of race in any one of the movies discussed on the class. Do The Right Thing ( Spike Lee, 1989 ) Analyzing race in any modern-day movie, can be a challenge it its ain right, but none the less film has changed and how we refer cultural groups and, today more and more histrions from different civilizations are looking on our screens. InDo The right Thingrace is evident on the screen throughout the full movie as Spike Lee introduces us to a mixture of multiculturalism from Black-Americans, Caucasic Americans, Italian-Americans, Asian-Americans, the movie itself engages its audiences and inquire us inquiries about racial struggle. The movie is set on the corner of a Bedford-Stuyvesant subdivision of Brooklyn, following the life of Mookie ( Spike Lee ) an intelligent immature black male, who is torn between sides, and that racial actions can take to a climatic minutes within the movie.Do the Right Thingne'er ties over to stereotypes, as its secret plan clearly and positively drives us through what mundane life and battles of a black-American in a racial environment. & A ; apos ; It c omes down to this: black people were stripped of our individualities when we were brought here, and it & amp ; apos ; s been a pursuit since so to specify who we are & amp ; apos ; ( Spike Lee ) fundamentally racial individuality is of import to the twenty-first century black American as is American independency. These together create a much stronger significance to the portraiture of American societies in Hollywood movies. Do The Right Thingis so powerful, with a batch of intending to it about racial purposes, was a challenge in itself to make, but what Spike Lee did, would intend you would hold to hold some kind of background history to make with multicultural vicinities, associating to the undermentioned narrative. Spike Lee & A ; apos ; s a black manager, who was brought up in Brooklyn so he knew the Immigration and Naturalization Services and outs of the topographic point, being brought up in a black vicinity inspired him to make the movie, he wanted to demo and do people understand what it was like, conveying this multicultural vicinity to cinema. His options on race and socialism, are portrayed in the movie rather good and fluently, even to the bare oculus. What & A ; apos ; s so cagey about this movie is that Spike Lee doesn & A ; apos ; t travel in front and enervate any civilization, alternatively shows everyone for who they really are. Each character is represented in their ain manner, for illustration some characters have their ain personalities which clearly represent their civilization, such as the Italian – Americans who own a eating house called Sal & A ; apos ; s pizza shop, the manner they dress and speak gives off a vibration, a typical Italian mobster back in the 1980 & A ; apos ; s. The usage of voices and how each cultural group negotiations, subjects them and makes it easier to understand who & amp ; apos ; s apart of who. We now come across to the other characters in the movie, each drives the narrative forward in their ain specific manner, and most if non all the chief characters have their ain alone portion in the movie which drives the narrative forward, come oning the movie and the tenseness constructing up a round the country. Spike downwind represents race in about every histrion on screen apart from, The Local DJ ( Samuel L. Jackson ) and smiley, the local DJ seems to be slackly narrating the narrative as it unfolds in forepart of him, during the racial tenseness scenes we see the local DJ attempt to quiet and loosen up the state of affairs about as though he is contending for peace within the vicinity. We now move onto smiley and what seems to be the full movie, smiley is invariably looking to be showing himself without the usage of words, he wants to develop an individuality within the vicinity, due to his mental disablements he faces some challenges. smiley represents that everyone is different, but still has a topographic point to remain in this universe, Some people should merely larn to run into people for who they are, have some compassion as you ne'er know, they could be one of the nicest and intelligent people you will run into. that was spike Lee & A ; apos ; s purpose on be half of the character smiley, he tries to demo us the audience and the world/media, that everyone can be equal, it & amp ; apos ; s merely takes attempt in socializing with the environing people. Lee shown this inDo The Right Thing basedaround racial tensenesss and force, which can be proved a challenge as smiley portrays in the movie, as he isn & A ; apos ; t aloud to voice his sentiments in a mode he would wish excessively. This movie clearly understands racial civilizations and tensenesss from all sides of the cultural groups.Do The Right Thingoffers us the spectator to inquire a figure of inquiries about race and political relations which Spike Lee had created within the narrative is defined by a race, and clearly shows us who and what cultural group they are with. This is one of the grounds why Do the Right Thing is still such a powerful movie. The inquiries it raises, while still powerful, besides still eludes us to the narrative about them intending of the movie is. another inquiry which is overlooked is, is at that place a black aesthetic? Spike Lee uses the mise en scene to depict and truly demo what an ghettoised black vicinity, set in Brooklyn. he sets this by utilizing exact vesture and prompts of a typical Brooklyn street, from what he remembers from his yesteryear, he brought into this movie, making the right ambiance for the audience, Lee & A ; apos ; s movie besides tries to accomplish dem anding/repeating political consciousness which is to state he doesn & amp ; apos ; t merely convey up political subjects but dares to take place. & A ; apos ; Fight the Power & A ; apos ; was the first vocal to be played in the movie, Spike Lee had this playing in the beginning shootings, with a adult female dancing deeply and sharply to it, utilizing this technique spike Lee is boding what will be played through the movie, force, Frustration, music, all this is shown under one vocal & A ; apos ; Fight The Power & A ; apos ; , it gives off negative vibraphones about what the movie holds, and the vocal & A ; apos ; Fight The Power & A ; apos ; & A ; apos ; Well, possibly we should halt stressing the negative, possibly we should stress the positive. Why can & amp ; apos ; t we fight for power, instead than contend the power & A ; apos ; this can be supported by this quotation mark ( Burton B. Roberts, administrative justice of the State Supreme Court in the Bronx, New York Times & A ; apos ; Do The Right Thing & A ; apos ; Page 2 ) fundamentally sketching why we as group our contending amongst ourselves why non battle for what w e think is right, and that everyone should be treated the same. Do The Right Thingfoliages us oppugning the facts based around ethnics groups, racial tensenesss and how we live together as a society. in Do the right Thing you it is impossible to pull specific decisions /about what was and wasn & A ; apos ; t the right thing to make. Spike Lee puts together a movie conflicting to political orientations from Malcolm X and martin Luther male monarch, clashing both facets of peace and force into one movie. this movie went into such item about a delicate topic demoing us the spectator different facets of the twenty-four hours in and outs of a immature black American. Spike Lee wanted to make such a enlightening movie about race, yet do it in a elusive manner. Spike Lee shown us what was right and incorrect, and how racial tenseness can construct up to make and even bigger narrative. . Bibliography & A ; apos ; It comes down to this: black people were stripped of our individualities when we were brought here, and it & amp ; apos ; s been a pursuit since so to specify who we are & amp ; apos ; ( Spike Lee ) Burton B. Roberts, ( July 1989 ) administrative justice of the State Supreme Court in the Bronx, New York Times ( July 1989 ) & A ; apos ; Do The Right Thing & A ; apos ; Page 2

Aggressive Driving

Sometimes I wonder why people died of accident. Some blame this on reckless or aggressive driving while some believe it is normal for accident to occur. This is why the issue of aggressive driving has been a very vital issue today. These are recognized aggressive driving behaviors: over speeding, tailgating, weaving and running red lights, darting in and out of lanes, yelling and gesturing etc.Growing concerns about these drivers and the hazards they create on the roads have led to a flurry of activity by safety groups, law enforcement, mental health professionals and legislatures.There have been different studies about this issue and this study is very important, because these drivers’ endangers their life and others. Sometimes it might be suicide on the drivers’ part.One of these studies is the findings by the Institute for Traffic Safety Management and Research at the University of Albany, in conjunction with Fact Finders, Inc. and the New York Governor's Traffic Saf ety Committee, which showed that almost 29 percent of those surveyed say they see someone driving aggressively every day.Most of the participants admitted that they tend to drive more aggressively when in hurry, but not when angry or in a bad mood. The survey also indicated that aggressive driving poses problems for teens. The survey found that 24 percent of those aged 16 to 24 say they sometimes or most of the time drive aggressively as compared with 11 percent for those aged 45 to 54.In another study by the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety, which found that between 1990 and 1996 road rage contributed to 218 deaths and 12,610 injuries.The study analyzed 10,037 police reports and newspaper stories about traffic accidents that led to violence. What's more, AAA found that road rage incidents increased nearly 7 percent each year within that six year period. Some experts blame the increase on longer commutes, which have led to more people on the roads others blame it on aggressiveness, risk-taking and personality traits of high-anger drivers.In conclusion, this study shows that teens are more likely to drive aggressively. In addition, there is a difference in the number of aggressive behavior between Convertible/Sports car (Porsche) drivers and drivers of Minivan and Truck.It is believed that drivers of Trucks and Minivans drink most of the time than those driving sports car and will most times drive aggressively.Reference:Dittmann, M, â€Å"Anger on the road†, Monitor staff, (2005, June).

How to Apply to the Senate Page Program

Have you ever considered taking some time away from your regular routine to pursue something new, exciting, and completely different? We probably all have, and while there are tons of opportunities that might fit the bill, few are feasible in terms of time commitment, academics, or financial concerns. But, for students interested in pursuing a career in politics, government, or law, there is one program that may address all of the concerns above. This program is offered both during the school year and during summer months, provides appropriate and rigorous academic course work during the school year, and actually pays you for the work you do. Oh, and it also comes with a ton of prestige and recognition. If this sounds like a good deal to you, read on to learn how you can apply to the Senate Page Program. The Senate Page Program is a fancy term for an official high school internship at the U.S. Senate in Washington D.C.. This program is offered only to high school juniors and provides the opportunity to work with actual senators and government leaders. Students in the Senate Page Program are sponsored by local senators and work for their sponsoring senator’s party in the U.S. Senate. Senate Pages are mostly messengers. They deliver messages and legislative materials to U.S. Senators, Congressmen, and other staff members at the Hart Senate Office Building. They also prepare the chambers for daily business and stand by for tasks while Congress is in session. While doing so, they gain important exposure in the fields of government and politics. The program is highly selective, with only 30 Senate Pages accepted each term.    There are four terms annually. One begins in the fall for four months, another begins in the spring for five months, and two shorter terms start at the beginning of each summer. During the school year, the Senate Page Program is a residential program. Pages live together in a dorm located two blocks from the Hart Senate Building. They take classes beginning at 6:15 AM daily and after classes, pages work while Senate is in session, typically from 10AM – 4PM, though sometimes much longer if Senate has not adjourned for the day. Pages are provided breakfast and dinner daily, and pay for their room and board out of the stipend they earn through working as a page. The stipend is generally modest, reportedly based off of a roughly $26,000 annual salary, and uniform costs are also taken from it. The summer term is slightly different. There is no academic component during summer months and pages are permitted to live with friends or relatives, rather than in the dorm. Dorm residency is still available for those who choose it. While enrolled in the program, students are held to exceptionally high standards for conduct and dress. Room inspections are conducted regularly and students should expect to spend 12-13 hours studying and working each day. It is a rigorous schedule and pages are required to have a doctor’s approval before beginning the program. Senate Pages must be in their junior year of high school. If you’re interested in the summer terms, you may be either a rising junior or a rising senior. You must be 16 or 17 years old, a U.S. citizen, and a student. In order to apply, you must have a GPA of at least 3.0. Pages are sponsored by individual senators. Each senator is usually given the chance to sponsor a page during only one term per year, and he or she generally alternates between male and female pages each year. Because you must apply through a senator, the exact application process and selection criteria vary. Many senators provide more precise information on their websites. Most senators will only sponsor students from the state they represent, but this is not the case for all senators. If you need to apply for a specific term and your senator is not sponsoring a page that term, you should not discount the opportunity. Instead, research nearby states to see if their senators sponsor out-of-state students. If you can’t find the information you need, call their office directly and ask. Our Early Advising Program helps students in 9th and 10th grade discover their passions and build strong academic and extracurricular profiles to succeed in high school. Because you apply for sponsorship directly through a senator, the application process varies by office. In most cases, you submit an initial application along with a resume and several written recommendations. In some cases you also need to submit a transcript and write an essay. If you advance past the first round, you will likely be invited for a series of interviews. The program is extremely competitive, so if you make it to the interview phase, be sure to practice ahead of time and arrive on time and dressed professionally.   Due to the competitive nature of the program, you will need to leverage every advantage that you can to your favor. It is politics, after all. For this reason, try to find personal and professional connections that will give you a leg above the rest. Some senators might require that you submit at least one recommendation from a teacher, adviser, or head of school. If this is the case, choose the most established professional who knows you well. If you have a good relationship with your head of school and you believe that he or she can speak specifically to your strengths, go ahead and ask for a recommendation. If, however, you aren’t sure that your head of school even knows who you are, work your way down the line of command until you find someone who knows you well. Another strong recommendation should come from a teacher who has instructed you in a related content area. This could be your AP U.S. Government teacher, your Mock Trial adviser, or another teacher who knows your abilities well. If you are asked for more than two recommendations, try to find someone who is well-connected and has political ties to supply the third. This is the time to call your uncle’s college roommate to arrange a lunch meeting, or hit up your best friend’s mother’s cousin for a coffee date. While these people may not know you very well, if they are connected politically, their word might carry much more weight than someone else’s. Although it is a general rule of thumb that you should not seek recommendations from people who do not know you well, if your senator seeks more than two recommendations, it is not a bad idea to try to find someone with political ties to supply the third recommendation. Don’t blindly ask for a recommendation from someone who hasn’t seen you since you were in diapers, though. Instead, arrange a time to meet together to discuss your plans and ambitions. When you do so, be not only honest about your intentions but also upfront about your qualifications. Your job is to clearly articulate to this person why you are qualified and deserving of becoming a Senate Page. If you can convince this person that you’re a worthy candidate, he or she might be able to convince your sponsoring senator. Also, keep in mind the weight of the favor this person is lending you. Be extremely gracious and make sure that you arrive early so that you don’t keep anyone waiting. Ask for advice and do as much listening as you do talking. Even if you don’t end up becoming a Senate Page, this person could be a valuable mentor if you intend to pursue a career in government or politics.   The Senate Page Program is one of the most competitive high school programs in the country. Each term, only 30 pages are selected nationally. Of these, 15 are males and 15 are females. It’s unknown exactly how many students apply each year, since all applicants go through a sponsoring senator, but it’s safe to say that only a tiny proportion of applicants go on to become Senate Pages. Also, remember that there are some factors that will impact your chances of becoming a page that are outside of your control. Like anything in politics, connections play an important role in identifying top candidates. Further, because the number of page roles is fewer than the number of senators, senior senators are more likely to successfully appoint a page and even then, senators may only sponsor one page per year.       Just because you don’t have any connections doesn’t mean you can’t become a Senate Page. It is completely possible to make your own connections as an involved high school student. If you’re interested in government or politics and you know that you want to become a Senate Page, start working towards it early in your high school career. You might volunteer in local government or politics. Get involved with your district representative or, during an election year, work on a political campaign. Some local government offices also have page programs that may serve as a good entry point for you. You can create meaningful connections through your own prolonged involvement in local and regional politics and government. If you’re interested in pursuing a career in politics or government but want some more guidance and insight into the process, consider ’s Mentoring Program , which provides practical advice on topics from high school activities and college applications to career aspirations, all from successful college students who have been in your shoes.

Neoottomanism in Turkey and the Role of Turkey in the new formation of Essay - 1

Neoottomanism in Turkey and the Role of Turkey in the new formation of the Arab world - Essay Example Thus, ottomanism transformed into the ideology of pan-Turkism. The Turkish leaders of the late XX - early XXI century, especially Recep Tayyip Erdogan, updated the doctrine of ottamanism-pan-Turkism, turning it into so-called neoottomanism. Modern Turkish leaders advocated the creation of an integrated economic and cultural-linguistic space that has commonality of interests; it is the main essence of this ideology. However, neo-Ottomanism implies the dominant influence of Turkey not only on Turks, but even more - non-Turkic peoples and countries that were part of the Ottoman Empire at different time. The doctrine of "neoottomanism" was not completely comprehended even by its originators. Nowadays a lot of European and American politicians are greatly concerned about the given ideology and they do not want to stay away from it. United States, for example, hatch the plans to create a unified Turkic political space dominated by Turkey, and are interested in supporting the sovereignty of newly independent states of Central Eurasia. A heavy blow to this "subtle pan-Turkism", i.e. neoottomanism, was stroke by the Collective Security Treaty Organization, members of which were two Turkic states - Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and the Islamic one – Tajikistan. Uzbekistan led its own political game for a certain period, but then, joined the CSTO. Turkmenistans foreign policy tends to neutrality at the present time. Under the auspices of the U.S., such projects as The Black Sea Cooperation and GUAM were developed. If earlier the U.S. was more interested in strengthening Turkeys influence on the Balkans, nowadays - on Northern and Southern Caucasus, Crimea, Ukraine, Bessarabia, as well as Syria, Lebanon and Iraq - as vectors, amplifying the Turkish-Russian confrontation. "Political and operational" role of Turkey in these regions is the most attractive for the U.S. But practice shows

Knowledge Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Knowledge Management - Essay Example Furthermore, forces inside the industry, which include buyers, suppliers, new entrants, substitutes, and most importantly, rivalry in the industry. Therefore, the report presents knowledge management as solution to most of these problems and a tool to strengthen company’s situation. Discussion Definitions of Knowledge Management Without any doubts, for the past few decades the world has been changing at exponential rates. The ability of human mind of discover the secrets of nature, explore the seas, capture the air, fly into the sky and others have allowed us to live in a world which is a better and comfortable place. However, on the other hand, these technological advancements have really increased the amount of information and knowledge that was available before. In fact, never in the history before, we felt the need to manage the knowledge that we possess. Furthermore, the future that awaits for us where our success would be a direct result of our ability to effectively use , manage, and develop our knowledge. Technological capital and human intellectual capital may not get a place on the balance sheets of the organization but they will be getting much attention in the corporate goals, mission statements, and organizational cultures of the many companies. People understand that the only thing, which has the ability to limit them, is their ability to leverage and use the human mind (Stankosky, pp. 234-235). Despite the fact that there has a lot of research in this field and lots of ink is being devoted to the subject, yet authors and experts have not been able to reach a consensus or one unified definition for this topic. According to Robert S. Seiner, Knowledge Management can be defined as a concept in which an enterprise gathers organizes, shares, and analyzes the knowledge of individuals and groups across the organization in ways that directly affect performance (Frappaolo, pp. 26-28). According to Meredith Levinson, ‘Knowledge Management is th e process through which organizations generate value from their intellectual and knowledge based assets. According to Robert Villegas, Knowledge Management is simply the transfer of knowledge from one person to another, the result of which enables the recipient to benefit from the collected wisdom of the more experienced members of an organization or group’ (Becerra-Fernandez & Sabherwal, pp. 341-348). In other words, Knowledge Management is actually a cyclical system or a multiplier effect, which helps an organization in efficient achievement of its objectives and the same happens because the organization’s habits, planning and its execution is deeply rooted in the tacit and explicit learning of the organization (Stankosky, pp. 234-235). Why implement Knowledge Management? Following are some of the direct and clear benefits that Bobco will benefit from by the implementation of knowledge management in the organisation. First, the company would be in a great position to decrease the operational costs. Quite understandably, the market place of today has turned into a ruthless, aggressive, bloody, and destructive place where survival of the fittest is the order of the day. Even Bobco is operating in a market where the pressures for decreasing costs are increasing everyday. Despite the fact that sales have increased yet the profit margins have been shrinking due to increased pressures to outclass competitors. Attaining

Not sure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 8

Not sure - Essay Example Due to the increasing technological and environmental catastrophes there is a need to develop the best practice of a crisis management. One of the situations that call for dire management is associated with the explosion of a bomb in a populous region. The explosion of a bomb and other explosives result in death and other physical injuries, as well as the destruction of various structures. Additionally, the individuals that are related to the victims and properties that are destroyed are normally left with emotional traumas. During this event, the local and national leaders are faced with the task of handling the crisis. This paper is focused on evaluating the best practice that should be employed in a crisis management in the event of an explosion which results to death, physical injuries, destruction of properties and emotional injuries. The paper will attempt to employ the Restorative Rhetoric approach in managing an explosion that results in injuries, death and property destruction; the analysis will be executed in the light of the local and national leaders who are tasked with the responsibility of managing the crisis. The Restoration Rhetoric approach emerged as an effective approach with respect to the management of the Hurricane Katrina and the destruction of the World Trade Center which occurred in September 2001(Griffin-Padgett, 2010). The restoration rhetoric was used by Mayor Ray Nagin and Mayor Rudolph Giuliani in the management of the terrorist attack and natural disaster respectively (Griffin-Padgett, 2010). This model indicates that, unlike other approaches of crisis management, the restoration of image is not the chief objective; in this respect, there is a need to manage risk while ensuring the safety of the public is restored. As a result, this approach calls for an intensive examination of the leadership skills and aptitudes in crisis management.

Labor relations-An Anti nepotism Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Labor relations-An Anti nepotism Policy - Essay Example Management is the most sensitive area in regard to nepotism. Budd (2010) argues that managers should strike a balance by not supervising their relatives, employing them in the same department or try to use their influence to employ them so as to have great output. Anti- nepotism policy favors unions in protecting their members. They ensure that all their members are given equal opportunity in job application. Finlay (2011) supports this part of the policy as a motivation tool. The policy also ensures fairness in work as it prohibits workers to be supervised by close relatives. Workers are also protected from loss of job if companies enforce anti- nepotism policies but were employed before they are implemented. Management is also favored by the anti- nepotism policies. The policy does not prohibit your relatives from working in the same company as long are not working in the same department and they were employed on merit. Managements are allowed to make independent policies as long as they are in good faith as argued by Rose (2008). Family businesses are exempted from these policies if members of the family volunteer services. Unions have a right to ask the adaptation of anti- nepotism policies by any organization their members are working. Lawrence (2005) argued, in order to reduce some of white collar crimes organization should not employ close relatives or supervise them. Managements are bound to follow anti- nepotism policies. They are obligated to create anti- nepotism rules that are favorable. In order to avoid conflict between unions and management, the management should include the union and legal experts when drafting their anti- nepotism policy. Budd (2004) proposed that the management should also clearly define the term relative in the policy to balance equality. Since anti- nepotism policies are different in each state, entrepreneurs should consider the implication of marriage as it is regarded as

Globalization Strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Globalization Strategies - Essay Example This essay stresses that sophisticated ERP models are obligatory if the operation wishes to incorporate material planning with customer demands and supplier subsidiaries, both internal and external, as well as various means of distribution channels. While there are numerous strategies that can help an organization become successful on a global scale, the best strategy to use is highly dependent upon the individual company. Some, such as Nike, are built almost exclusively on close relationships with subcontractors while others, such as Zara clothing, excel thanks to a highly integrated, centrally located headquarters. Strategies will depend upon how the organization expands its base, whether through the acquisition of other firms, the development of subcontractors or the building of new facilities, as well as the type of products or services the organization has to offer. This paper makes a conclusion that locations will have an effect upon best strategies as well, as different laws, taxes, incentives and regulations will all determine the resources and practices allowable in a given area and the overall cost of production. In the end, the best way to determine best global strategy for an individual organization is through careful analysis of the company’s goals and ethics, products offered, supply and distribution chains, resources, level of technology, legal and regulatory considerations and production processes before determining which strategy will provide for the most efficient, economic and ethically balanced combination as a means of attracting and retaining consumers.

The Impact of WACC on Capital Budgeting and Structure Essay

The Impact of WACC on Capital Budgeting and Structure - Essay Example The first step is to prepare comprehensive cash flow estimate information for the project under consideration. This step is then followed by forecasting a suitable discount rate to be used in the evaluation of the net present value (NPV). "This discount rate is the return required by the investors to compensate for handing over their capital to the company. It is also known as the company's hurdle or weighted average cost of capital (WACC)."(singh 2005. 26) According to Donald Riggin of Albert Risk Management Consultants, "The weighted average cost of capital is the company's cost of maintaining capital, of owning capital." (2007. Para.4) theoretically speaking, both the concept and its importance as a company's performance measure are very well established. In fact, the company's failure to make up its debt cost is considered by many experts to be the most obvious crisis indicator. The accuracy of the WACC calculations are extremely important to avoid such scenarios as they assist the administration determining projects that are most suitable for the company.

The Government of Finland and Spain Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Government of Finland and Spain - Case Study Example The two countries have some disparities in the accounting standards adopted. Moreover, the manner in which the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) are adopted by these countries differ greatly. The level of adoption of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) in Spain is much slower than that of Finland. In Spain, a very strong legal culture persists where the administrative law is used to administer the public sector. The central government is the accounting regulator and any reforms in accounting standards. Any accounting standards that have to be incorporated in the countries accounting standards have to pass via a process of scrutiny according to Spanish laws. The adoption rate is also slow because the influence from accounting professionals is weaker compared Anglo-Saxon countries (Brusca, Isabel, Vicente, and Danny 440).Looking at Finland, it has a very fast adoption rate as compared to Spain. Finland customs and tradition ensure that th ere is a common law that provides for the diffusion of accounting standards in the country. During the period of New Public Management, the Finnish government was among the first countries to like this type of accounting in the public sector. Also in this era, the Finnish government began to adopt the accrual-based type of accounting (Oulasvirta 277). This accounting model was more based on historical costs. Stressing on the historical cost principle, Finnish government stated its resources at the amount, which the business was acquired.

Basic Ideas and Theories of Mass Communication Essay Example for Free

Basic Ideas and Theories of Mass Communication Essay In the first place, there were many well renowned scholars who contributed immensely towards the development of communication processes, society and their communication relationships, which are still relevant and heart touching. Thus, David K. Berlo developed the source-message-channel receiver (SMCR) theory in the 1960s. His theories emphasized the many factors that could affect how senders and receivers created, interpreted and reacted to a message. While Max Weber Explore his contribution to our understanding of social stratification, classes and status groups from category Sociology in relation to communication. According to him, â€Å"We cannot deny the existence of social structures or system by which people are categorized or ranked in a hierarchy. This people categorization is otherwise known as social stratification. It is a universal characteristic of society that persists over generations. It is a social structure by which social issues and organizational problems arise. In a society, groups of people share a similar social status, and this is known as social class†. ABSTRACT In this work (assignment), I bother most on the contributions, the basic ideas and established notions propounded by both theorists_ D K Berlo and that of Max Weber. And their biography. Q. 1 (a) THE CONTRIBUTION OF DAVID K. BERLO AND HIS BASIC IDEAS ESTABLISHED IN THE THEORIES OF MASS COMMUNICATION Foremost, for a proper focus on communications theory, the Oxford English Dictionary defines communication as the imparting, conveying, or exchange of ideas, knowledge, information, etc. We can look up the origin of the word. Communication comes from the Latin communis, common. When we communicate, we are trying to establish a commonness with someone. That is, we are trying to share information, an idea or an attitude. Looking further, you can find this type of definition: Communications is the mechanism through which human relations exist and develop. This broad definition, found in a book written by a sociologist, takes in about everything â€Å"Communications theory then becomes the study and statement of the principles and methods by which information is conveyed. Among key communications theorists were Wilbur Schramm, David Berlo, and Marshall McLuhan. Basically, for a close examination, the major contribution in communication model that I will consider is the SMCR model, developed by David K. Berlo, a communications theorist and consultant. In his book The Process of Communication,6 Berlo points out the importance of the psychological view in his communications model. The four parts of Berlos SMCR model are — no surprises here — source, message, channel, receiver. The first part of this communication model is the source. All communication must come from some source. The source might be one person, a group of people, or a company, organization, or institution such as MU. Several things determine how a source will operate in the communication process. They include the sources communication skills — abilities to think, write, draw, speak. They also include attitudes toward audience, the subject matter, yourself, or toward any other factor pertinent to the situation. Knowledge of the subject, the audience, the situation and other background also influences the way the source operates. So will social background, education, friends, salary, culture — all sometimes called the sociocultural context in which the source lives. Message has to do with the package to be sent by the source. The code or language must be chosen. In general, we think of code in terms of the natural languages — English, Spanish, German, Chinese and others. Sometimes we use other languages — music, art, gestures. In all cases, look at the code in terms of ease or difficulty for audience understanding. Within the message, select content and organize it to meet acceptable treatment for the given audience or specific channel. If the source makes a poor choice, the message will likely fail. Channel can be thought of as a sense — smelling, tasting, feeling, hearing, seeing. Sometimes it is preferable to think of the channel as the method over which the message will be transmitted: telegraph, newspaper, radio, letter, poster or other media. Kind and number of channels to use may depend largely on purpose. In general, the more you can use and the more you tailor your message to the people receiving each channel, the more effective your message. Receiver becomes the final link in the communication process. The receiver is the person or persons who make up the audience of your message. All of the factors that determine how a source will operate apply to the receiver. Think of communication skills in terms of how well a receiver can hear, read, or use his or her other senses. Attitudes relate to how a receiver thinks of the source, of himself or herself, of the message, and so on. The receiver may have more or less knowledge than the source. Sociocultural context could be different in many ways from that of the source, but social background, education, friends, salary, culture would still be involved. Each will affect the receivers understanding of the message. Messages sometimes fail to accomplish their purpose for many reasons. Frequently the source is unaware of receivers and how they view things. Certain channels may not be as effective under certain circumstances. Treatment of a message may not fit a certain channel. Or some receivers simply may not be aware of, interested in, or capable of using certain available messages. In short, Berlo: Several important ideas, notions and factors established must be considered relating to source, message, channel, and receiver. Q. 1. (b) TRACE THE BIOGRAPHY OF DAVID K. BERLO D. K. Berlo in history. This caption attempts to give an insight in to the biography of the eminent scholar whose communication ideologies, philosophy and notions cannot be overlooked in the field of mass communication_ journalism. Biographical information: In 1955, David K. Berlo, at the age of 29, received his doctorate degree in the study of communication from the University of Illinois. Berlo was a student of Wilbur Schramm, who sat on the doctoral committee. Schramm, whose theories of communication are well known, was responsible for the creation of the first communication program at the graduate level which was an entity separate from speech and mass communications. Dean Gordon Sabine, also sat on the committee, and the following day offered Berlo an assistant professorship position and the chair of the newly created Department of General Communication Arts, at his Michigan State University (MSU) (Rogers, 2001). In our trivial pursuit, it was discovered that, Berlo, being many years younger than his colleagues and some of his students, perceived himself to be in need of communicating an air of permanence and maturity, so that his position, and that of the newly formed department, would be taken seriously. To this end, he deliberately gained weight†¦up to 270 pounds of body mass, dressed in dark, fancy suits, and began to act the part of the chairperson of a more well-established department (Rogers, 2001). It must have worked, because he was able to successfully establish, at Michigan State, one of our country’s first undergraduate majors in communication. He functioned in the role of educator, author, and communication department chair at MSU for 14 years, from the department’s inception in 1957 through 1971. In 1960 he wrote the textbook which was implemented in his undergraduate classes, The Process of Communication. He taught an excellent doctoral level core course in research methods and statistics. He was a strong leader, excellent educator, and advocate for the field of communication study. He continued to research and develops his SMCR theory of communication and information. In it he stressed the importance of the perception of the source in the â€Å"eye† of the receiver and also the channel(s) by which the message is delivered. During his final 3 years at Michigan State, it is said, that he seemed to lose interest in his job. He became county chairperson of the Republican Party and was passed over for the position of Dean of the College of Communication Arts (Rogers, 2001). In 1971 he became President of Illinois State University, but resigned in 1973 when an investigation took place to uncover whether or not he had spent unauthorized funds for the completion of the presidential house (Plummer, 2005). He completed his career working as a corporate consultant in St. Petersburg, Florida. Q. 2. (a) GIVE SOME ESTABLISHED NOTIONS OF MAN AND SOCIETY PROPOUNDED BY MAX WEBER. Max Weber was one of the founding figures of sociology. His work is important to students of communication for several reasons, including his methodological and theoretical innovations as well as a diversity of useful concepts and examples for the analysis of social behaviour, economic organization and administration, authority, leadership, culture, society, and politics. Some of his greatest achievements, notions, ideologies, philosophy, and the experiences that guided his convictions he established, which also characterized his stand and position; thus, can be seen as highlighted in the following contributions outlined: * Max Webers work provides an example of historical and comparative social science that successfully negotiated between attention to theoretical concepts and empirical details. Rather than concluding an investigation with a generalization or theoretical claim—that all economic behaviour is rational, for example—Weber would use the concept of rational b ehaviour as a comparison point in conducting his research. * Webers work provides the origin of action theory as such. Weber defines action as meaningfully oriented behaviour, and takes it to be the fundamental unit of sociological investigation. This is crucially important for communication studies, for it defines a model of social science distinct from behaviourism. * How could Weber claim a scientific approach to motives and meanings, which cannot be directly observed? His resolution of this problem has been widely admired and imitated. On the one hand, he combined logic, empathy, and interpretation to construct ideal types for the analysis of historical cases. He constructed, for example, idealtype models of how the perfectly rational or perfectly traditional actor would make choices in ideal circumstances. These expectations would then be compared with what real people did in actual circumstances. When historical actors deviated from the ideal types, Weber did not take that as evidence of their cognitive shortcomings (their irrationalit y, for example) but as clues to additional concepts he needed to develop for further analysis. * Working from the other direction, he interpreted historical records empathetically, striving to identify how the actors in a particular situation could have seen their action as a rational response to their circumstances. In this way, he was able to construct models of a range of types of rational action, opening up his theory to a greater range of human situations than either the behaviorists or the economists. Prayer, for example, as Weber pointed out, is rational behavior from the point of view of the faithful. * Webers work also provides many useful concepts and examples for communication studies, in addition to the wide-ranging importance of his action theory and his methodological innovations. * His analysis of economic organization and administration is the standard model of rational organization in the study of organizational communication. His studies of authority and leadership are important to students of mass communication, and of both organizational and political communication. * His studies in the sociology of religion explore the range of possibilities in the relation between ideas and social structures, a problem that continues to be at the heart of cultural studies. * His contrasts of rational and traditional and his analysis of modern bureaucracy are starting points for analysis of modern industrial-commercial culture and communication and the effect of the media on culture and politics. * Weber distinguished three ideal types of political leadership (alternatively referred to as three types of domination, legitimisation or authority): 1. Charismatic domination (familial and religious), 2. Traditional domination (patriarchs, patrimonialism, feudalism) and 3. Legal domination (modern law and state, bureaucracy). In his view, every historical relation between rulers and ruled contained such elements and they can be analysed on the basis of this tripartite distinction. He notes that the instability of charismatic authority forces it to routinise into a more structured form of authority. In a pure type of traditional rule, sufficient resistance to a ruler can lead to a traditional revolution. The move towards a rational-legal structure of authority, utilising a bureaucratic structure, is inevitable in the end. Thus this theory can be sometimes viewed as part of the social evolutionism theory. This ties to his broader concept of rationalisation by suggesting the inevitability of a move in this direction. * Bureaucratic administration means fundamentally domination through knowledge. * Weber described many ideal types of public administration and government in his masterpiece Economy and Society (1922). His critical study of the bureaucratisation of society became one of the most enduring parts of his work. It was Weber who began the studies of bureaucracy and whose works led to the popularisation of this term. Many aspects of modern public administration. Social stratification * Weber also formulated a three-component theory of stratification, with Social class, Social status and Political party as conceptually distinct elements. * Social class is based on economically determined relationship to the market (owner, renter, employee etc.). * Status class is based on non-economical qualities like honour, prestige and religion. * Party class refers to affiliations in the political domain. * All three dimensions have consequences for what Weber called life chances (opportunities to improve ones life). This context consisted of the political problems engendered by the bourgeois status-group of the city, without which neither Judaism, nor Christianity, nor the developments of Hellenistic thinking are conceivable. According to Weber, * He argued that Judaism, early Christianity, theology, and later the political party and modern science, were only possible in the urban context that reached a full development the West alone. =He also saw in the history of medieval European cities the rise of a unique form of non-legitimate domination that successfully challenged the existing forms of legitimate domination (traditional, charismatic, and rational-legal) that had prevailed until then in the Medieval world. This new domination according to him, was based on the great economic and military power wielded by the organised community of city-dwellers (citizens). Weber’s ideas â€Å"form the heart of what is commonly known as structuralism† (Littlejohn). Weber defines organization as follows: â€Å"An ‘organization’ is a system of continuous, purposive activity of a specified kind. A ‘corporate organization’ is an associative social relationship characterized by an administrative staff devoted to such continuous purposive activity† (Weber, Social and Economic Organizations, p. 151.). Weber’s notion of bureaucracy involves power, authority, and Legitimacy. Power â€Å"is the ability of a person in any social relation to Influence others and to overcome resistance. Power in this sense is fundamental to most social relationships† (Littlejohn). Q. 2. (b) GIVE THE BIOGRAPHY OF MAX WEBER MAX WEBER’S EARLY LIFE AND FAMILY BACKGROUND Weber was born in 1864, in Erfurt, Thuringia.[3] He was the eldest of the seven children of Max Weber Sr., a wealthy and prominent civil servant and member of the National Liberal Party, and his wife he was buckin Helene (Fallenstein), who partly descended from French Huguenot immigrants and held strong moral absolutist ideas.[3][9] Weber Sr.s involvement in public life immersed his home in both politics and academia, as his salon welcomed many prominent scholars and public figures.[3] The young Weber and his brother Alfred, who also became a sociologist and economist, thrived in this intellectual atmosphere. Webers 1876 Christmas presents to his parents, when he was thirteen years old, were two historical essays entitled About the course of German history, with special reference to the positions of the Emperor and the Pope, and About the Roman Imperial period from Constantine to the migration of nations.[10] In class, bored and unimpressed with the teachers – who in turn resented what they perceived as a disrespectful attitude – he secretly read all forty volumes of Goethe.[11][12] Before entering the university, he would read many other classical works.[12] Over time, Weber would also be significantly affected by the marital tension between his father, a man who enjoyed earthly pleasures, and his mother, a devout Calvinist who sought to lead an ascetic life.† Max Weber and his brothers, Alfred and Karl, in 1879 MAX WEBER’S EDUCATION At this juncture, Weber was in 1882, enrolled in the University of Heidelberg as a law student. After a year of military service he transferred to University of Berlin. After his first few years as a student, during which he spent much time drinking beer and fencing, Weber would increasingly take his mothers side in family arguments and grew estranged from his father. Simultaneously with his studies, he worked as a junior barrister. In 1886 Weber passed the examination for Referenda, comparable to the bar association examination in the British and American legal systems. Throughout the late 1880s, Weber continued his study of law and history. He earned his law doctorate in 1889 by writing a dissertation on legal history entitled Development of the Principle of Joint Liability and the Separate Fund in the Public Trading Company out of Household and Trade Communities in Italian Cities. This work was used as part of a longer work On the History of Trading Companies in the Middle Ages, based on South-European Sources, published in the same year. Two years later, Weber completed his Habilitationsschrift, Roman Agrarian History and its Significance for Public and Private Law, working with August Meitzen. Having thus become a Privatdozent, Weber joined the University of Berlins faculty, lecturing and consulting for the government. References Reinhard Bendix and Guenther Roth Scholarship and Partisanship: Essays on Max Weber, University of California Press, 1971, p. 244. Max Weber. Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica Online. 20 April 2009. Britannica.com Max Weber. Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 17 February 2010. Max Weber; Hans Heinrich Gerth; Bryan S. Turner (7 March 1991). From Max Weber: essays in sociology. Psychology Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-415-06056-1. Retrieved 22 March 2011. D K Berlo. The Process of Communication.

Asian Stereotypes Essay Example for Free

Asian Stereotypes Essay Stereotypes play a significant role in the lives of many individuals. Stereotypes can be hurtful and they can be helpful. Eric Liu combats Asian stereotypes and his own thoughts of inferiority with a conscious strategy of assimilation that leads to further the spread of Asian American stereotypes and the loss of his own individuality. When someone finds him or herself in an unfamiliar place, they tries to adapt to the surroundings by blending in. Liu believes that the way to make it in America is to achieve whiteness (148). Liu believes to be successful one must [bleach] out the marks of a darker, dirtier past and assimilate (148). When Eric Liu assimilated he was considered by whites to be an honorary white. He was called an honorary white because by all standards besides his skin; he was considered white and with that consideration came privileges that may not have been extended to him otherwise. Liu was called a banana (yellow on the outside white on the inside) by other Asians, and was portrayed as a traitor by his own culture and family for embracing the power that comes from white people and their tendencies. Liu was looked down upon and was not completely by either race. Many people hate being considered part of a stereotype and sometimes act irrationally just to be set apart from the stereotype. The strategy that Liu used to get away from the Asian American stereotype was by acting completely being to total opposite of what Asians are known for. Asians are stereotypically know for being very good at math and science, so Liu decided that he would study history. He lifted weights and went to the Marine officer candidate school to prove that he was not lacking any physical or metal strength. However, Liu states that by working so to defy stereotypes, I became a slave to it. For to act self-consciously against Asian ? tendencies is not to break loose from the cage of myth and legend; it is to turn the very key that locks you inside (151). By defying Asian American stereotypes Liu was feeding the stereotype of the typical Asian, waspy Yale student. In collage Liu used what he had absorbed and learned growing up about the white culture to survive and thrive. Additionally, Liu speaks of a Korean boy at the Asian American Student Association booth who merely offered an introduction. Liu put his name on a mailing list so not to look impolite, but Liu had already decided not to be active in any Asian-only associations. His actions were fueled by a fear imbedded in and shared by many immigrants that they may be primarily known for their culture and thus written off. Liu reacts by not going out of his way to make Asian friends or get involved in Asian groups. The reason Liu gave him self for not getting involved in any Asian groups was that he didnt want to be a part of a clique, that [he] didnt want to get absorbed and lose [his] individuality (150). The problem is that by not embracing his own culture he is actually destroying and hurting his individuality. Liu wanted to change himself so that he would have no aspects of the typical Asian but by doing so he is losing what makes him different and unique. By changing looks, acts, and what he even studies, Liu is just proving that judgung someone by their race alright and acceptable. Liu is hindering the expansion of accepting someone for who he or she ise not what they look like, talk like or where they come from. One of the great civil rights activist Rosa Parks decided to show people through a non-violent demonstration that the discrimination of African Americans based on the color of their black skin was wrong. One day she sat in the front of the bus designated for white people, and refused to give up her seat in the front of the bus to a white man and was sent to jail. Rosa Parks could have moved to the back of the bus and further prolonging black persecution, but she decided to stay and sit. She wanted people to know that judging people on the color of their skin is wrong. Furthermore, if someone believes that he or she is at a disadvantage, he or she will try to find other aspects that will gain back lost ground. If a football player is trying out for a team and he knows he is not very good at caching the ball, the player will work extra hard to have a speed advantage over the other players so that he can still draw the attention of the coaches. Liu not only believed that he was inferior to whites but that he deficient to every race: I believed that I lacked the connections, the wealth, the experience, the sophistication that so many of my classmates seemed to have(151). Liu saw the power that whites have in this country, and as Liu began to blend into white, middle-class America, he saw that [he] was actually beginning to ? make it. Lius acceptance to Yale led to many other privileged experiences. Extracurriculars opened the door to an alumni internship, which brought [him] to Capital Hill, which led to a job and a life in Washington after commencement (151). By almost any standards of American society, Liu would be considered elite and one of the privileged. There is never one way to get something done or get somewhere. To think there is one way and one way only is a very squid and narrow-minded way of thinking. Once one has achieved ones goal, he or she may think of many things that one could have done differently and recognize things you did that were not smart. Liu realizes that the straightening path [he] took was not the only or even the best path he could have taken to achieve his goals (151). When dealing with race one does not accept or reject everything about ones race. Finding a happy medium and looking at everything objectively is the key. Liu states that [he] could have spared [himself] a great deal of heartache had [he] understood this earlier (151). Liu realizes that the way to success is to blend in to the whites race. He sees the power that white people hold and tries to adapt. Liu tries to change himself so that he will not give off any aspects of the typical Asian American. After Liu assimilates he starts to reap the benefits of a honorary white. Liu gets into a good school and gets a good job but all at the price of his individuality.

Aspects of British Culture

Aspects of British Culture Aspects of British Culture What is culture? Is it the language we speak, overall ethnicity in a region, or the simple customs of a daily routine? Culture is something we are all a part of whether we like it or not. Your family may have certain customs and routines. This is culture. In this research paper I will be analyzing British culture in four categories: history, ethnicity, customs, and also the future direction of British Culture. How did Britain become so rich in culture? Well Britain certainly did not just appear one day. The name of the country and the term â€Å"English† derive from the Old English word for one of the three Germanic Peoples that invaded the British Isles in the 5th century (Countries and Their Cultures). The Angles â€Å"Britain† and â€Å"British† derive from a Roman Term for the inhabitants (Countries and Their Cultures). In fact, written records of British History do not exist until the arrival of the Romans (J.P. Dommerville). Before the arrival of the Romans, there is only archaeological evidence of Britain’s inhabitants (J.P. Sommerville). The earliest inhabitants of Britain for whom there is compelling evidence are bands of hunters living in Southern and Western England during the Hoxnian (J.P. Sommerville). Many peoples make up the rich history of British Culture. There were many immigrants that came to found The United Kingdom. Their genes still walk th e grounds today. Just like America this country was founded, and made by immigrants from many different backgrounds. Like many cultures, there are different peoples whom make up the general ethnicity. British Culture is no exception to this understanding. Britain or the U.K. known to others is located in Western Europe, islands including the northern one-sixth of the island of Ireland between the North Atlantic Ocean, and the North Sea, northwest of France (UK Language, Culture, Customs and Etiquette). The capital of the United Kingdom is London (UK Language, Culture, Customs and Etiquette). The population is roughly 60, 766, 238 people; with an ethnic make-up of White, Black, Indian, Pakistani, Mixed, and Other (UK Language, Culture, Customs and Etiquette). The White Population is composed of: 83.6% English, 8.6% Scottish, 4.9% Welsh, and 2.9% Northern Irish (UK Language, Culture, Customs and Etiquette). The other ethnic populations are composed of: 2% Black, 1.8% Indian, 1.3% Pakistani, 1.2% Mixed, and 1.6% Other (UK Language, Culture, Customs and Etiquette). As you can see, all of these dif ferent ethnicities will definitely impact culture. So what customs will follow this diverse cultural background? Many people may assume that British Culture is defined with scones and tea, or the rich writings of Shakespeare; however it is not like this at all. There are many customs that British people practice, that Americans or any other type of nationality may find odd. Many customs are associated with the annual climate, and British Culture is once again no exception. The annual climate of the United Kingdom has temperatures that are moderated by southwest winds over the North Atlantic Current, and more than one-half of the days are overcast (UK Language, Culture, Customs and Etiquette). The U.K. is also home to a constitutional monarchy (UK Language, Culture, Customs and Etiquette). Although there is no defined official language due to the diverse cultural background, the primary language is English (UK Language, Culture, Customs and Etiquette). About 70% of the population speaks English (UK Language, Culture, Customs and Etiquette). Other languages that are frequently spoken include: Welsh, Irish, Ulster Scots, Cornish, Gaelic, and British Sign Language (UK Language, Culture, Customs and Etiquette). The United Kingdom is comprised of four countries: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland (UK Language, Culture, Customs and Etiquette). Now all of these countries share a common thing, and that is to address a person from a country properly. For instance, English and British do not mean the same thing (UK Language, Culture, Customs and Etiquette). The term â€Å"British†, denotes someone who is from England, Scotland, Wales, or Northern Ireland (UK Language, Culture, Customs and Etiquette). The term â€Å"English†, refers to people from England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland (UK Language, Culture, Customs and Etiquette). People from different countries want to be known for what they are; another example is people from Scotland are identified as â€Å"Scots†. People from Wales are identified as â€Å"Welsh†. People fr om Northern Ireland are identified as â€Å"Irish† (UK Language, Culture, Customs and Etiquette). The Class System As many people can depict from their prior knowledge, British Culture has been known for their many kings and queens, knights, priests etc., however British Culture has changed. Yes, Britain still has and practices a monarchy form of government, but the class system is somewhat complex. Class is no longer simply about wealth or where one lives; the British are able to assume someone’s class through a number of complex variables (UK Language, Culture, Customs and Etiquette). Brits focus on demeanor, accents, manners, and compartment to determine and factor a class system (UK Language, Culture, Customs and Etiquette). Brits are also facing a very diverse culture, therefore making it difficult to define someone British (UK Language, Culture, Customs and Etiquette). Human Interactions In the United Kingdom, human interaction is of utmost importance. You do not want to offend anyone who is a native, or move there and ignore a culture’s customs. Most of Britain’s population enjoys sport and leisure activities (Currency). In one way or another, Britain’s population is involved in sports or leisurely activities whether as a participant or a spectator (Currency). A difficult thing to grasp might be understanding a regional dialect, or accent (Currency). The British have been historically known for their â€Å"stiff upper lip†, and â€Å"blitz spirit† as demonstrated during the German bombings of World War II (UK Language, Culture, Customs and Etiquette). This grin and bear it attitude in the face of adversity of embarrassment lives on today (UK Language, Culture, Customs and Etiquette). In common interaction Brits do not choose to show strong emotion when engaged in conversation (UK Language, Culture, Customs and Etiquette). This i s not because of their lack to feel, or rudeness; they simply just wish not to display this in public (UK Language, Culture, Customs and Etiquette). In the U. K. manners are all about a reduction of violence between people (Currency). Religion Religion is a large part of British Culture. Due to the large diversity among British peoples, religion is present in many forms and beliefs. Christianity is a popular religion with many denominations such as: Anglican, Roman Catholic, Presbyterian, Baptist, and also Methodist. Roughly 71.6% of British population is Christian and belongs to some Christian Denomination (UK Language, Culture, Customs and Etiquette). Other religious practices involved with British Culture are Muslim, Hindu, Other, and unspecified or none. Roughly 2.7% are Muslim, 1% are Hindu, 1.6% are other, and 23.1% are identified as an unspecified or none (UK Language, Culture, Customs and Etiquette). What does the future hold in store for British Culture? As we can see in the modern day culture is always changing. Culture is definitely different then it was in the seventeenth-century. So what does the future hold in store for British Culture? Well, according to Vikki Heywood (CBE, Chair of the RSA, and formerly executive director of the Royal Shakespeare Company), exclaimed that the commissions brought a wealth of experience in the arts and cultural sectors to the task (King’s College London). Heywood also proceeds to exclaim that there are five key goals for the future of the cultural and creative industries (King’s College London). The five goals focus on creating, harnessing, and maintaining a rich cultural and creative ecosystem that contributes to the economic and social success of all areas of the country (King’s College London). In 2013, the cultural and creative industries provided around 77 billion sterling pounds of added value to the global economy (King’s College London). So what does all of this mean? Well the answer is quite simple. The government, cultural, and creative industries need to work together to ensure that everyone has equal access to a rich cultural education, and that conditions are in place for culture, and creativity to play their part in economic success (King’s College London). In conclusion, I would say after doing somewhat extensive research, culture is a broad term. There are so many things that impact culture. All cultures are different; however I feel that I have learned an enormous amount of details from writing this paper. I do feel like I have achieved my goal of analyzing four categories or aspects of British Culture. I also feel like I have effectively covered the history, ethnicity, customs, and future direction of British Culture. British Culture is very rich in history, ethnicity, customs, and also future direction. As of right now it looks as if British Culture is evolving into a very rich and unique position of power. Works Cited â€Å"Countries and Their Cultures†. Culture of England. Web. 5 Mar. 2015. â€Å"Currency†. Learn English. Web. 5 Mar. 2015. â€Å"J.P. Sommerville†. Sommerville: Courses. Web. 5 Mar. 2015. â€Å"King’s College London†. King’s College London-Homepage. Web. 5 Mar. 2015. â€Å"UK-Language, Culture, Customs, and Etiquette†. UK. Web. 5 Mar. 2015.

Motivation :: Business, Employee Satisfaction, Pay

Analysis The findings of the questionnaire revealed which motivational factors impacted the workplace. Pay was the most frequent response, with 92% of the responded answering that salary is biggest motivational factor. This is consistent with the findings of the second question when 82% of the respondents strongly agreed that that was a motivational factor in the workplace. Wiley (1997) suggested that financial compensation impels motivation and job performance. Also, according to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (1943), psychological needs are said to be the first and most important need to be satisfied and in other to satisfy this needs, good or satisfactory wage has to be paid to employees to ensure maximum productivity. The finding of the research on the question 3 show that the 43% of the respondents strongly agreed that promotion motivate them whilst at workplace. (See figure 3). This finding fit on Herzberg’s two factor theory where he referred to intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors. According to McCormick and Tifflin (1979), rewards can be either intrinsic or extrinsic. Intrinsic rewards stem from rewards that are inherent in the job itself and which the individual enjoys because of successfully completing the task or attaining his goals. While extrinsic rewards are those that are external to the task of the job, such as pay, work condition, fringe benefits, security, promotion, contract of service, the work environment and conditions of work. According to question 4, 37% of the respondents strongly agree with a job title affect their motivation within workplace, where the job title make some staff at Kerry Food higher motivated due to their job title or status. According to Wiley (1997) suggest that by providing a higher status or designations the employee must be motivated. Employees prefer and proud of higher designations. According to question 5, the majority of the Kerry Food employees with 86% of the respondents felt that the change within their shift wasn’t good idea, and this lack of planning has affected the motivation of the employees in a negative way. Without a compressive roadmap or model for guiding the change process, organisational leaders may fall short in implementing their strategies for change Kotter (2007). According to question 6, the majority of the Kerry Food employees with 93% of the respondents said that they were more motivated before the change, the most affected where the participants with children’s, which they had to adopt new ways to avoid any conflict of their work patter, and most of them felt that they had to pay for a baby sister and it get expensive for them, and they felt dissatisfaction with the change.

Backup Devices and Strategies Essay -- Software Computers Technology E

Backup Devices and Strategies Table of Contents Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..3 Removable Storage †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 Capacity †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 Media Cost †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 Storage Media Chart..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4 Tape Base Systems †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4 Magnetic-Optical Systems †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 MO Picture†¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5 Network Storage†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 Backup Software †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦8 Backup Principles †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦.9 Backup Diagram.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦10 Power Failures†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.10 If you’re concerned about data integrity, it shouldn’t be news to you to back up regularly. As hard drives get larger and larger, we have more to lose if something goes wrong. Archiving is usually important in any business setting or for people heavily into document-management systems. Your PC’s data is worth a lot more than the PC itself. Spend a bit more money to protect the data with removable storage, a simple backup scheme, and a decent electric power protection. Together they don’t cost much, and they add up to data insurance. The simplest mechanism for ensuring sustained operations is to increase the ease of reproducibility. This is the reason that backups are done. Removable Storage Capacity Super-floppy drives use high-density magnetic media and an enhanced read/write head design to increase disk capacity. These drives do double duty. They read and write not only super-floppy disks, but also common 1.44MB floppy disks, examples of these are Imation’s 120MB SuperDisk (formerly the LS-120) or Sony’s 250MBHiFD drive. If you are being selective and want to archive up to 650MB of files, CD-Recordable (CD-R) and Cd-Rewritable (CD-RW) drives are a great option. CD-Rewritable (CD-RW) is another useful medium for storing up to 650MB of data. These drives allow you to overwrite data previously written to a disc, so the disks are â€Å"recyclable† you can use packet-writing software to drag and drop files to CD-RW discs or convention premastering software to write sessions to your discs, so the medium is a fairly flexible one to use. For archiving larger files, high-capacity cartridge drives, such as the Jaz and Jaz2, offer 1GFB and 2GB ... ...s F.DAT Drives G.MO Drives H.Jaz Drives 15.Matching the appropriate storage technology to an application is a balancing act between E.cost, performance, and capacity F.what you like and what you can afford G.what Packy recommends and what you want H.What your boss tells you to buy 16.To protect your documents from havoc, you simply must perform E.Regular maintenance on your PC F. regularly scheduled backups, G.format your hard drive regularly H.Spellchecker 17.Most tape manufacturers recommend E.You switch tapes regularly F.You do a combination of full backups and incremental backups G.You rely on your hard drive H.You pray that nothing will happen to your work 18.Incremental backups typically require ____________ capacity then full backups? E.More storage F.Less storage G.The same storage H.None of the above 19.Spend a bit more money to protect the data with E.Removable storage, a simple backup scheme, and a decent electric power protection. F.A better PC and a ZIP Drive G.Calling in a good electrician H.Cat 5 wiring and a Network Technician 20.Super-floppy drives use E.120MB SuperDisk F.1.44 Floppy Disk G.CD-R Disks H.Both A and B

Eduard Munch :: essays research papers

Eduard Munch (1863-1944) was a Norwegian painter, engraver, and printer. He is often reputed to have been a loner and a misogynist. Many of his works revolve around a motif concerning women and their obscene vulgarity. The two works that will be described here are Vampire (1893) and Jealousy (1896). These two depict women as creatures of temptation, petty provokers of pain, and selfish enslavers of vulnerable men. To just marginally understand Munch’s hatred of women, one must read upon his tragic past. Tuberculosis killed his mother when he was only five years old; it killed his sister, Sophie (whom Munch felt closest to), nine years later. In addition to these tragic events were his unsuccessful love affairs which all together bludgeoned his faith in women. In Vampire, Munch displays a scene in which a woman seems to be embracing a man. She appears to be kissing him on the neck, but the title of the work diminishes that meaning. Although Munch intended the action of the work as just a kiss, he later changed the name to â€Å"Vampire,† possibly to capitalize on the 19th century literary obsession with vampires. The intense switch in meaning plays on the mind of the viewer very curiously. It turns from compassion for the two lovers to sympathy and sorrow for the victimized man. The woman’s red hair becomes almost demonic and the background’s darkness transforms from a sorrow-filled unity between the two figures to a desolate ambiance of confusion. The dark green in the background is tranquil, but the viewer’s knowledge of the situation happening to the vulnerable man leaves the viewer in a state of ambiguity. A peaceful image is portrayed, but the woman is literally sucking the life out of the man. The red hair can be seen as a rainfall of blood emasculating the victim. The man has been deceived into finding love where there is unhappiness. He has found the tortures of being in love. The distorted and tangled strokes in the wh ole work represent the man’s faith in love being distorted and tangled. The strokes can also portray the woman’s deception, which is so fabricated by her â€Å"loving† embrace. Jealousy also carries the tormented-man motif. In this scene, a woman is chatting with and exposing her body to a man as her husband stands by, swallowing his painful jealousy. The husband’s face is close-up and facing the viewer, demonstrating his quiet enragement.

Malampaya Project

THE MALAMPAYA PROJECT The Malampaya project is a one of its kind project that the Philippines have developed. It is a big opportunity for the Philippines in gas development. The project aims to harvest Gas deep underwater and to use it as a source of power. It provides at least 40-45% of Luzon’s electricity since 2002. It is currently being conducted by Shell Philippines Exploration together with the joint partners Chevron Texaco Malampaya and PNOCEC. The gas was buried approximately 800 meters underwater deep in Northwest Palawan.According to Department of Energy Philippines (2002) that Malaya Gas field is to produce 146 billion cubic feet (BCF) a year. It was proven that they have at least 80 million barrels of condensate and 20-40 million barrels of oil reserves which totals 2. 5 to 3. 5 trillion cubic feet of Gas (TCF). Last December 2012 there has been a plan to expand the Malampaya Gas plant. The Keppel Subic Shipyard started â€Å"striking steel† or steel cutting as a signal for their $1 billion fabrication of an offshore rig in expansion of the Malampaya project.Keppel Subic will be a great help in developing the Malampaya project by building and installing substructure and topside modules in platforms to sustain its 2,700 megawatts production output and for the completion of the Malampaya 3. Also, it will generate at least 1,200 jobs according to Shell Philippines. It has been planned that in 2014, they will build additional two wells and in 2015, installing of new platform for additional equipment and facilities.According to the consortium, the Malampaya 3 aims to keep a steady supply to maintain their commitments in ensuring the power supply for Luzon. It has been proven that they have 3. 2 trillion cubic feet reserves and 1 trillion of it has already been consumed. Sources: http://malampaya. com/? page_id=2 http://www. doe. gov. ph/DNG/malampaya_history. pdf http://www. gmanetwork. com/news/story/284493/economy/companies/keppel-subic-t o-build-fabrication-yard-for-malampaya-deep-well-platform http://manilastandardtoday. com/2012/12/08/work-starts-on-expansionary-malampaya-rig/

A Step Forward Or A Step Backward Environmental Sciences Essay

Introduction Our flush is to be a first metals and barb group and generate superior m unmatchedtary returns. With this mission Vedanta group entered Indian shaft industry chthonian the leading of Mr. a zip fastener Agarwal ( Executive Chairman ) . Vedanta Resources Plc. sign a MoU with Orissa government practise in 1997 for exploit bauxite from Niyamgiri Hills honest Lanjigarh. This withal led to put up 1.75mtpa aluminium smeltery at Jharsuguda, altogether in Odisha.Although the atomic number 13 oxide Refinery Project was outfit in 2007 and the dig project was modify by the lordly greet of India in 2008, OMC has non yet been able to get sub overdue the mining childbed chiefly due to the rejection of the concluding headroom by the Ministry of milieu and wood drop take out ( MoEF ) . 1 The type is gloss over held with Supreme administration of India and Vedanta has decided to obturate overpower its Lanjigarh work from celestial latitude 2012 if no alter nate solution comes from either communalwealth administration or Cardinal regime.As per VAL Chief Operating Officer Mukesh Kumar If the democracy of affairs improves by declination 5, the each(prenominal)iance may non close overmaster the whole kit and boodle . Kumar said despite the res publica politics s connectedness to volunteer indwelling stuff to the refinery, it has non been progress ton point one gm of bauxite so outlying(prenominal). 2 VAL has so far invested Rs 9,000 crores in the project which employs close to 7,000 people, including direct occupations to 3,000 individuals. In retrospect we come up it was a bad determination to cash in ones chips for such immense places here, remarked a ripened VAL functionary. 3 VAL s determination is curtail to direct a incorrect preindication amongst the prospective investors, that mineral-rich Odisha, contrary to the chooses of the land authorities, is far from welcoming industries.VEDANTA- About the political mappingy Our hatful is to be a universe category, diversify resources partnership supplying superior returns to our stock compelers with amply quality as plants, low salute operations, and sustainable breeding. Vision Vedanta Resources PLC. 4 Based in London, Vedanta is a glob solelyy modify instinctive resources group with wide-ranging involvements in aluminum, Cu, Zn, lead, Ag, Fe ore, oil and gas and reason. Vedanta is the first Indian fabrication come with to be listed on the London Stock Exchange, and continues to be a draw of the FTSE degree Celsius Index. With experient work personnel of over 31,000 employees worldwide, Vedanta Resources plc is a globally diversified instinctive resources group with grosss in unornamented of US $ 11 billion. Vedanta has operating locations in India, Zambia, Namibia, southern some Africa, Liberia, Ire region and Australia through assorted subordinates.Australia hog mines of Tasmania An belowground Cu barb operatio ns located in Tasmania with ore production exponent of 2.8mtpa. This is supplied all in all to Sterlite s Cu smelter operations in India.Northern rhodesia Konkola slob mines KCM has to the wide integrated Cu operations in Zambia with several(prenominal) mines at Konkola and Nchanga. south-central west africa Sterlite own the Skorpion mine in Namibia. This plus was acquired from Anglo Ameri enkindle s Zn concern.South Africa Sterlite owns 74 % of dour draw mine in South Africa, which includes the Black Mountain Mine and Gamsberg attempt.Liberia Acquired Liberia Iron ore as posits with an estimated 1bn liothyronine militias and resources in FY 2011-12.Irish republic Sterlite picked up 100 % involution in the Lisheen Mine during the encyclopedism of the Zn concern from Anglo American.Vedanta in IndiaSterlite Industries check The concern comprises of 0.4mpta Cu smelting and justness operations. The company is duplicating the might to 0.8mtpa with enwrapped power full tre atment.MALCO The play along has a power plant with a propagation capacity of 100 MW.BALCO A taking Indian aluminum manu particularurer with operations in the province of Chhattisgarh, BALCO presently has 245ktpa smelting capacity, 810MW power coevals installations and capability to bring away metal exclude and former(a) value-added merchandises. BALCO has a 325ktpa smelter undertaking, a 1,200MW power works undertaking, and rights to char gag rule of 211.0mt for confined use.Vedanta aluminum special We allow be the universe s most admired company that systematically defines the prima(predicate) criterions in our concerns, doing our stakeholders proud to be associated with us , vision 5 VAL. VAL is based in eastern India and operates a 1mtpa alumina refinery at Lanjigarh. At Jharsuguda, VAL operates 500ktpa aluminum smelter and an associated 1,215MW confined power works. VAL in any case has a 1.25mtpa aluminum smelter undertaking at Jharsuguda.Sesa Goa Sesa Goa is India s largest tete-a-tete sector Fe ore producer-exporter, with excavation and touch on installations located in the provinces of Goa and Karnataka.Sterlite Energy It has deuce major(ip) power works undertakings for commercial power coevals the 2,400MW power works at Jharsuguda, Orissa of which two units were operations at the terminal of FY 2010-11, and the 2,640MW power works at Talwandi Sabo, in Punjab.The StruggleFor Vedanta Alumina subscribe the joint proceed understanding with the OMC on October 5, 2003 for developing bauxite mines at the Niyamgiri hillock come Lanjigarh in Kalahandi territory and the Khambasi hill in abuting Rayagada territory, for usage in its one- gazillion-tonne alumina refinery organism set up at a cost of Rs.4,000 crores. 6 The works got in production by taking all headrooms in 2005. But the province justification alleges that the company was yet to obtain timberland headroom for its undertaking as per the quality ( Conservation ) twist, 19 80. They at any rate alleged that the company had unclutter the site and constructed its rehabilitation settlement, built in bed edifice, invitee house and 22 cover pillars for the conveyor belt system from the mines at the Niyamgiri hill to the works site at Lanjigarh without the favourable reception of the Union Ministry of surroundings and plants. This instance is under legal power of the Supreme judgeship of India. In behest of these allegations Vedanta is be subsequentlying to close subdue the works in absence of bauxite mines.Court finding of factsThe Supreme tribunal of India neverthe slight allowed Vedanta atomic number 13 for the excavation undertaking saying that If M/s. SIIL is agreeable to the a bow express Rehabilitation Package so they shall be at autonomy to travel this Court by dividing lineating a proper lotions weapons platformme. This Court is non against the Undertaking in rule. It that seeks precautions by which we are able to shelter characte r and bomber service development. I.As. are apt(p) over of consequently. 7 The Supreme Court of India besides instructed MoEF to give the milieual headway aft(prenominal)ward necessary reviews. 8 But when the central Empowered Committee ( CEC ) has reprimanded the Ministry in very strong linguistic communication for suddenly go againsting basic dogmas of surroundingsal clearance process, misdemeanor of cardinal commissariats of woods clearances, elevated critical issues of bearing false realise against Vedanta, MoEF and Orissa Government, 9 The Supreme Court of India instructed Vedanta Aluminium Limited to stuff its enlargement on the land that it has non fulfilled the environmental clearances. 10 surroundingsal positionThe aluminum oxide works and the excavation undertaking linked with it result hold serious inauspicious minute on the vegetations and zoologies due to excavation, over file dumping, building of jutd send off through the dense woods, liquid and ev aporated wastewaters emanations, bright light, blaring with explosives, boring and nonessential quiver and dust, operation of heavy burden and unloading equipment, pollution etc.Sterlite India s application to the MoEF had sought merely the environmental clearance and no timbre clearance ( which, as noted earlier, are collapse regulative demands ) for the refinery. However, on 16 haughty 2004 after holding make the application for environmental clearance Sterlite India sought identify permission, under the Forest Conservation Act, for the amusement of 30 hectares of protected wood land and 29 hectares of handsome town common belongings resource land for the refinery and the conveyer transit system that was to be apply to transport bauxite from the mine site to the refinery.India s environmental and woodwind Torahs make it commanding for companies to obtain anterior clearances for new industrial undertakings claiming major alterations in land usage forms. The MoEF evalu ates applications and grants clearances. The Forest Conservation Act, 1980, regulates forest clearances, mend ordinance under the 1986 Environment ( certificate ) Act governs environmental clearances.Impact on water governmentMany perennial watercourses originate from the Niyamgiri hill top. 22 H2O harvest dwelling constructions are located in the foothills which provide twelvemonth unit of ammunition H2O supply. Vamsdhara and Nagvalli are two major rivers of South Orissa which emanate from this hill. The excavation of bauxite is bound to ruin the H2O reloading capacity of the hill and will besides do the desertification of perennial watercourses hence presenting a serious hazard to the dogged start of H2O in this country.Disposal of unhealthfulant wastewatersRed Mud pond and the Ash Pond are being established on the Bankss of river Vamsdhara with a caboodle of the river really cover by the ruddy frame pond.A A A brassy inundation in the river can do a shock in the poo l and which could ensue in a monolithic spill in the river of noxious and toxicant ruddy clay which is a mix of extremely toxic alkaline chemicals and heavy metals including radioactive division all of which could hold black effects.Impact on wildlifeThe PML ( and the Niyamgiri Hills infrastructure ground ) is extremely deep in footings ofA wildlife since it provides the valuable edge consequence to wild animate beings, with unfastened grasslands as feeding infinite and neighbouring trees for shelter andA flight. archeological site on the graduated table proposed in this home ground would badly stir up elephant home grounds, and endanger the of import undertaking of elephant preservation in south Orissa.Applicable environment protection Acts of the ApostlessForest Rights Act 2006 The full PML country falls in the naval division of Community Forest Resource ( CFR ) as defined in subdivision 2 ( a ) of the Forest Rights Act ( FRA ) trespass of Forest Conservation Act -The Comp any is in illegal business of 26.123 minute of arc wobble of blue town forest lands enclosed within the mill premises. The claim by the company that they have merely followed the province authorities orders and enclosed the forest lands within their mill premises to protect these lands and that they provide entree to the tribal and opposite villagers to their small town forest lands is wholly false.AMisdemeanor of Environment Protection Act The Company M/s Vedanta Alumina Limited has already proceeded with building activity for its tremendous enlargement undertaking that would sum up its capacity six crease from 1Mtpa to 6Mtpa without obtaining environmental clearance as per commissariats of EIA Notification, 2006 under the EPA. This amounts to a serious misdemeanor of the commissariats of the Environment ( Protection ) Act. 11 Government/OMC positionThe brace and mines parting and Odisha Mining Corporation ( OMC ) have verbalized their inability to supply Vedanta Aluminium Ltd ( VAL ) alternating(a) beginning of bauxite for its Lanjigarh aluminum oxide refinery because of restraints of jurisprudence hitherto as the company has sent an get on with key for closing down of the works imputing the cause of such utmost whole tone to non-supply of bauxite as per the understanding with the state-run excavation company. OMC has nil to state in this affair as our understanding with Vedanta was limited merely to excavation at Niyamagiri hills, which is sub-judice presently. Sing supply of bauxite from an separate(prenominal) beginnings, it is the sentinel of the authorities and Vedanta, said Saswat Mishra, chairman-cum-managing ( CMD ) carriage of OMC.The Odisha authorities had identified Niyamgiri mine as the initial beginning of bauxite supply and had instructed state-run miner OMC to organize a joint venture with Vedanta to unearth the 78 million measured ton sedimentations at the site. However, Niyamgiri excavation weapons platform was subsequentl y shut down by Union Ministry of Environment and Forest ( MoEF ) , which refused to give it present II forest clearance and besides withdrew the environment clearance tending(p) earlier.VAL pointed out that the MoU included supply of special bauxite apart from that lying in the Niyamgiri mines. So it was incumbent on the province to set up the stuff from other beginnings. However, the province has non made any effort in this respect though it possessed more than half of the state s bauxite militias.A senior authorities functionary in the steel and mines section said there was no misdemeanor of the understanding as there were regulations and ordinances to present excavation rentals to companies. I do non believe we have break any clause mentioned in the understanding. We mustiness follow the regulations and current patterns, he said.In absence of the assured supply, the company had to send upon bauxite mines of Andhra Pradesh, Chhatishgarh and Guajarat to run its refinery ev en though it had knowing its refinery maintaining in head the locally on tap(predicate) bauxite when it started its refinery operation five old ages ago.OMC said, at present it does non hold any other bauxite mine, but it is anticipating to acquire forest clearance for another(prenominal) bauxite mine at Kodingamali for which it has signed a Vedanta- analogous understanding with Hindalco. It has besides employ for some other mines with smaller bauxite sedimentations and has been recommended by the province authorities to run the Sasubohumali mine.In the thick of allegation that authorities is funded by Vedanta contributions, 12 13the state-owned excavation company said, even if it had other bauxite mines, it can non provide the mineral to Vedanta as this would go against the Torahs.Earlier this twelvemonth, VAL acquired interest in Raycal, a bauxite excavation company of Larsen and Turbo ( L & A T ) , after the issue of Dubai Aluminium Company ( Dubal ) . However, the undertakin g will take approximately triplet to four old ages to bring forth bauxite.Vedanta Perspective Merely resources can do eliminate poorness, Agarwal had said when quizzed roughly environmental hazards. We ( India ) have to utilize our resources in a sustainable mode for our development. 14 Vedanta, which has emerged as a excavation and natural resources giant in live one decennary, had describe grosss of over USD 14 billion during the last financial.Vedanta s willingness to put in Lanjigarh has been welcomed by the Government of India and the State of Odisha, and from its very origin Vedanta has known that the refinery undertaking is non the lone part to development we must do in Odisha. We have recognised that industrial development demands to be complemented by rural and other signifiers of development for those, including the Dongria Kondh and Kutia Kondh the two tribal communities populating somewhat the works, that may non profit straight or indirectly from the refinery s activities. Against this background, the first stairss to set up the Lanjigarh Project were taken in April 1997 when Sterlite Industries and the Government of Odisha signed an MoU to make an corporate excavation and refinement undertaking in Kalahandi. A MoU was besides signed amongst Sterlite Industries and Orissa Mining Corporation ( OMC ) for the supply of bauxite from close sedimentations, get downing with the bauxite sedimentations on the border of Niyamgiri hills. In 2004, the MoEF gave permission to Vedanta to put up the alumina refinery.When the refinery was established, 121 households were physically displaced. These have all been resettled in the Niyamgiri Vedanta Nagar Resettlement Colony, with 76 household members being employed with the company as lasting employees. Compensation in stead of employment is being provided to the staying households. A farther 1,745 people affected by the refinery but non physically displaced have besides been compensated at changing g rades sufficient with the extent of the impact sustained by the puting up of the refinery. In all instances fee went well beyond the legal demands. 15 Inspite of holding all the environmental clearances in 2005, allegations from the NGOs and province resistance has halted Vedanta s halted program. Vedanta has besides questioned the NGOs by mentioning that NGOs have been opposing the excavation of bauxite reserved in southern portion of Odisha, but in contrast, NGOs are mute about Fe ore excavation in Central Odisha 16 17.Global Chemical reactionsBogged by holds in land acquisitions and environmental clearances, the companies like POSCO and Arcelor Mittal have scaled down their Orissa programs succession reconnoitering for alternate sites to house their mega undertakings, all(prenominal) second large as 10-12 million metric tons in capacity and with investings of more than Rs 1,00,000 crore, say people affiliated with the concern groups and senior province authorities function aries. South Korean steel major Posco had programs to mine ores, construct a steel works and put up a port for an estimated cost of Rs 51,000 crore. indigo Agarwal-owned Vedanta Resources which has invested about Rs 45,000 crore in its aluminum oxide and power refinery, had committed to pass Rs 15,000 crore in a mega university undertaking, while Arcelor Mittal said it would put Rs 40,000 crore for its steel undertaking. 18 19Closing LineIt s an first-class case of Good administration on the portion of the MoEF and should move as a barricade for all others who had been taking, all these old ages, authorities clearances as fait accompli and should convey in radical alterations in their company s attitudes, accept and rightful actions towards sustainable developments in the state. The companies make to eschew off from the unregulated and ungoverned greed for stuff additions at the cost of damaging of our eco-system irreversibly for the interest coevals to endure and cuss our co evalss. 20 But It may therefore be submitted that Vedanta Aluminium is fitting of a instance to confirm the astray held place that the Ministry of Environment and Forests has non merely colluded with bureaus set-aside(p) in serious misdemeanor of environmental and human rights, but that the Ministry itself is an bureau assiduous in the active misdemeanor of waies of the Honble Supreme Court of India. It compromises administrative reappraisal mechanisms with impunity and perpetrates art by accepting wholesome prevarications as stuff for its determinations.But for smooth FDI and press the foreign involvement authorities should propose some redress to Vedanta Aluminium so that it make non incur immense losingss and can mine bauxite from a different beginning to prolong the Lanjigarh Project. Furthermore no less than the leading of the Ministry, that is the Union Minister for Environment and Forests and Secretary of MoEF, must be held accountable for this farce of environmental cl earance mechanisms of India. The authorities should avoid policy palsy where the environmental clearance should hold been taken into establish before sign language of MoU between Vedanta Aluminium and State authorities. Source 21 22AbbreviationsOMCOrissa Mining CorporationMoEFMinistry of Environment and ForestVALVedanta Aluminum LimitedmtpaMillion Tonnes Per AnnumSIILSterlite Industries India LimitedCECCentral Empowered CommitteePMLProposed Mining LeaseExhibit -1 ( Time line- Vedanta Lanjigarh Project )YearCalendar monthIncident1997 mayLondon-based industrialist Anil Agarwal s Sterlite Industries of India Limited marks memoranda of apprehension ( MOU ) for a excavation undertaking with the Orissa authorities in 1997.2002JuneLand acquisition and a gm sabha notice issued to villagers for the proposed Lanjigarh aluminum oxide refinery undertaking on June 6, 2002. Harmonizing to the notice, 12 small towns would be razed, 60 households displaced and 302 households would lose their state area when undertaking materialised.2003 swear outIn March 2003, Sterlite applied to the Union ministry of environment and woods ( Mo EF ) for environmental clearance for the proposed refinery. The application made no audience of the 58.9 min angle of forestland it required.JuneOn 07.06.2003, Sterlite entered into a Memorandum of Understanding ( for abruptly, MOU ) with the Government of Orissa for puting up of the IMTPA Alumina Refinery and 3MTPA of Bauxite excavation installations every bit good as for the installing of a 4 ten 25 MW confined power works, at an aggregative investing of Rs.4000 crores. dreadfulOn August 16, 2003, it filed a separate request for clearances under the Forest Conservation Act ( FCA ) , 1980, through the Orissa industrial Infrastructure Development Commission.2004MarchOn March 24, 2004, MoEF informed the company that as the refinery would be dependent on the excavation end being cleared, the ministry would see the two proposals together. kins folkSix months subsequently, on phratry 22, 2004, MOEF reversed its determination and granted the refinery environmental clearance on status that Sterlite got mining clearance before operationalising the refinery. The blessing varsity letter besides stated The undertaking does non affect fun of forest land. This, despite the fact that another division of the ministry had received an application for FCA clearance for the refinery.NovemberIn November 2004, Orissa s forest section sent Vedanta a show-cause notice for infringing on 10.41 estates ( 4.21 hour angle ) of small town forestland for its refinery. Around the same clip, several militants individually petitioned CEC to hold the company s operations.2005MarchOn March 23, 2005, after CEC questioned MoEF about the cogency of an environmental clearance, that the ministry say VAL to hold building work boulder clay clearance was given for the 58.9 hour angle of forestland within the refinery compound.MarchThe following twenty -four hours the company dashed off a missive to MoEF seeking withdrawal of its petition for forest clearance for the refinery stating it did nt choose the 58.9 hour angle after all.MarchThe province authorities sent MoEF a missive urging backdown of the proposal on March 27, 2005, which happened to be a Sunday. The really following twenty-four hours, the ministry withdrew its halt work order, without trouble oneselfing to look into why the company had changed its stance. folkIn kinfolk 2005, CEC recommended to the Supreme Court that mining should non be permitted on Niyamgiri hill. The regard was a critical indictment of the undertaking and questioned the unity of the governments involved.2006FebruaryIn February 2006, the apex tribunal referred the affair to MoEF s Forest Advisory Committee ( FAC ) which looks into deflection of forestland for non-forest purposes-and asked for a moot in lead months.FebruaryFAC, in bend, asked the Wildlife Institute of India ( WII ) and Centra l Mine Planning and Design Institute Limited ( CMPDIL ) , to measure the undertaking for dirt gnaw and impact on H2O resources.MayCMPDIL, harmonizing to Vedanta s attorneies statements during Supreme Court hearings on May 16 and May 18, 2007, cleared the undertaking of all water-related concerns.JuneHowever, WII s study submitted in June 2006 warned that bauxite excavation in Niyamgiri plateau would destruct a specialized wildlife home ground. However, following a particular foundation by Orissa forest officers, the institute tag on a auxiliary study in October 2006, which included a Rs 42-crore program for extenuation of impact on wildlife.SeptemberBased on the two studies, FAC recommended recreation of forestland for the excavation undertaking.SeptemberHowever, in another affair, the Supreme Court had already consistent a reappraisal of clearances granted by FAC after September 15, 2006, which included the VAL undertaking.DecemberOn December 8, 2006, the tribunal asked CEC to register more remarks. When the affair was heard on May 16 and 18, 2007, CEC iterated its base that MoEF had acted irresponsibly and with undue hastiness in allowing Vedanta clearances.2007AWhile instance pending in the Supreme tribunal, the refinery operated with bauxite from Vedanta s Chhattisgarh mines.2008DecemberIn-principle clearance for 660.749 hour angle of forestland for excavation was granted on December 11, 2008.2009AprilFurther, in April 2009, forest clearance was given for an extra country of 33.73 hour angle. existence hearing for 6 creases enlargement of the refinery was held on April 26, 2009.AprilClearance by the MoEF to the excavation undertaking of Vedanta on April 28, 2009 despite widespread protests.2010AugustTemporary backdown of clearance rights by the MoEF on the recommendations of FAC on August 24.08.102012SeptemberVedanta sought permission to close down its refinery at Lanjigarh due to scarceness of natural stuff. Shutdown will get down from December 5, 2012 if the natural stuff is non made availableBeginning hypertext transfer protocol //www.cseindia.org/content/vedantas-lanjigarh-project-refinery-and-bauxite-mining